python ref
view markdownbasic
- from math import log, log2, floor, ceil
- % is modulus
- from random import random
random.random() # [0, 1.0)
- copying: x.copy() for list, dict, numpy
- this is still shallow (won’t recursively copy things like a list in a list)
- this does work for basic things though (the copy is not exactly the same as the original)
- for generic objects, need to do from copy import deepcopy
- this is still shallow (won’t recursively copy things like a list in a list)
data structures
- list l (use this for stack as well) # implemented like an arraylist
- l.append(x)
- l.insert(index, element)
- l.pop()
- ['x'] + ['y'] = ['x', 'y']
- [True] * 5
- queue: from collections import deque # implemented as doubly linked list
- q = deque()
- q.append(x)
- q.pop()
- q.popleft()
- q.appendleft(x)
- index like normal
- len(q)
- class Node: # this implements a linkedlist
def __init__(self, val, next):
self.val = val
self.next = next
- set()
- add(x)
- remove(x)
- intersection(set2)
- dict {'key': 3}
- keys()
- values()
- del m['key']
- PriorityQueue
- from queue import PriorityQueue
- q = PriorityQueue()
- q.put(x)
- q.get()
- from collections import Counter
- Counter(Y_train) # this counts unique values and makes it into a dict of counts
useful
strings
- s = 'test',
- s.upper() # convert to all upper case
- s[::-1] # reverse the str
- "_".join([s, s]) # fastest way to join lots of strings (with _ between them)
- s.split("e") # split into a list wherever there is an e
- s.replace("e", "new_str") # replaces all instances
- s.find("t") # returns first index, otherwise -1
- formatting
- "%05d" //pad to fill 5 spaces
- "%8.3f" //max number of digits
- "%-d" //left justify
- "%,d" //print commas ex. "1,000,000"
- d (int), f (float), s (str)
- print(f"{x:05d}") # new in 3.6
- int("3") = 3
- bin(10) = '0b1010'
- hex(100) = '0x64'
- ord('a') = 97
- 'x' * 3 = 'xxx'
sorting
l = ['abc', 'ccc', 'd', 'bb']
- sorted(l, reverse=False, key=len) # decreasing order
- key examples: str.lower, func_name
- key = lambda x: x[1]
- def func_name(s):
return s[-1]
- l.sort(reverse=False, key=len) # sorts in place
exceptions
try:
something...
except ValueError as e:
print('error!', e)
raise Exception('spam', 'eggs')
assert(x == 3)
higher level
- primitives:
int, float, bool, str
- only primitive and reference types
- when you assign primitives to each other, it’s fine
- when you pass in a primitive, its value is copied
- when you pass in an object, its reference is copied
- you can modify the object through the reference, but can’t change the object’s address
object-oriented
# example of a class
class Document:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def show(self):
raise NotImplementedError("Subclass must implement abstract method")
# example of inheritance
class Pdf(Document):
def show(self):
return 'Show pdf contents!'
# example of different types of methods
class MyClass:
def method(self): # can modify self (and class)
return 'instance method called', self
@classmethod
def classmethod(cls): # can only modify class
return 'class method called', cls
@staticmethod
def staticmethod(): #can't modify anything
return 'static method called'
numpy/pandas
- loc indexes by val
- iloc indexes by index position
- .groupby returns a dict
- merging
- pd.merge(df1, df2, how=’left’, on=’x1’)